When a company becomes focused on preventing data theft, the first question that needs to be asked is: how is our organization positioned to prevent theft by people inside our network with valid credentials.  

This question is critical because over two thirds of data theft results from people using valid credentials. Yes, two thirds!  

Credential theft was involved in 31% of all breaches in 2024 (Verizon DBIR). Insider threat (negligent or malicious) accounts for over 40% of all data theft, particularly in sensitive industries like law, finance and healthcare. 

Perimeter security is not effective at protecting data when someone is inside the network operating with valid credentials, nor is zero trust, or disk encryption, or DLP. This blog focuses on why it is so important to construct your data security with a perspective of someone being inside your network using valid credential and why file centric security offers the most effective protection against data theft in this most prevalent and damaging scenario.

Email Spoofing Is Still the Best Way to Steal Valid Credentials

In today’s threat landscape, email spoofing remains one of the most dangerous and deceptively simple tactics for stealing a valid user’s credentials. By forging the sender’s identity, cybercriminals trick employees into opening malicious attachments, clicking poisoned links, or sharing sensitive information, all under the guise of trust. 

Spoofing is a direct path into the type of phishing schemes that result in credential theft, which unlocks your data and can lead to ransomware attacks.

Email Security Is Not Enough to Prevent Spoofing and Phishing Attacks

Preventing phishing attacks often comes with the same familiar advice: “you need a layered approach.” That typically includes a long list of tools - SEG, ATP, SPF, DKIM, DMARC, MFA, SSO, Security Awareness Training, SIEM, EDR, SWG, DNS filtering, Email Attachment Sandboxing, DLP, and Incident Response and Reporting, and more. 

While this approach may seem logical for the cybersecurity vendors selling it, for most organizations it results in a labor intensive and complex patchwork of incomplete solutions. The burden of implementing and managing these tools falls on tech teams, often leaving security gaps that the layers were supposed to prevent. Even with all of these solutions, phishing attacks still continue to be the most effective way to steal credentials and unlock all your sensitive data. But, there is a better way.  

"Email security filters can block a lot, but they can't block everything. File-centric encryption ensures that even if attackers get inside your network, they leave empty-handed." 
- Hari Indukuri, CTO & Co-Founder, FenixPyre

Is Your Security Stack Ready for Insider Mistakes and Misuse?

Employees, whether feeling disgruntled or entitled, are often responsible for taking significant amounts of sensitive data from their employer. Data taken can range from client lists and intellectual property to financial records and PCI-regulated information. 

In addition, there is all of the data lost by insiders who see security procedures as optional or as obstacles to productivity. This mindset leads to risky behaviors, including accessing company information on unsecured devices, connecting through untrusted networks, using weak or shared passwords, storing sensitive files on personal devices, and engaging with suspicious emails that bypass standard precautions.  

The real question isn’t whether this behavior is a problem, but whether your cybersecurity stack can actually prevent it. For most organizations, the answer is a resounding no.

How File-Centric Security Fills Email Security Gaps

Whether it is phishing attacks which flows into a ransomware attack or a disgruntled employee maliciously or negligently acting, file centric security is the most comprehensive way to protect your sensitive data and fill the gaps in your current data security stack. And it can be very easy to onboard and manage.  

What should you expect when choosing a File-Centric Security Platform? 

• Continuous Protection Against Active Threats: Files remain encrypted at all times (at rest, in transit and in use), even when actively accessed or moved by people with valid credentials. Any violation of policies or attempts to exfiltrate are prevented by strict encryption that persists irrespective of the data’s location or state. 

• No Reliance on User Behavior: Employees don’t have to remember to classify or secure files. The protection is built into the file itself, drastically reducing the risk of human error and the leading cause of data breaches. 

• Granular Control: Dynamic, role-based, or location-based access controls and encryption is tailored to individual files, allowing organizations precise control over data usage, visibility, and movement. 

• Protection from Credential Theft: File-level encryption safeguards files independently from user credentials. Even if user credentials are stolen, attackers cannot decrypt and misuse sensitive data without appropriate keys and permissions. 

• Mitigating Insider Threats: Unlike disk encryption, file-level encryption maintains protection even when files are accessed internally, restricting unauthorized internal viewing or alterations based on stringent access controls. 

• Preventing Ransomware Attacks: By encrypting individual files, even if attackers gain system-level access or admin credentials, the data remains encrypted and unusable to the attackers. 

• No Dependency on Data Classification: File-centric security eliminates the dependency on data classification accuracy, as it encrypts all files individually. Protection policies are enforced through strict access controls rather than classification, ensuring consistent security without extensive administrative overhead or user friction. 

By addressing the core data vulnerabilities of a perimeter defense, file-centric security delivers protection that’s persistent, adaptive, and effective even when being accessed by those inside your network using valid credentials.  

File-centric security platforms offer a smarter, more resilient way to secure your most valuable data. 

"Security that depends on perfect behavior or perfect detection will always fail. File-centric security flips the advantage - putting protection directly on the data, not the defenses around it." - Emre Koksal, Co-Founder and Chief Scientist, FenixPyre

FenixPyre’s File-Centric Security Platform

FenixPyre provides a comprehensive file-centric security solution, enhancing data security through advanced file encryption and dynamic access controls in a platform that is easy to setup and manage: 

• Military-Grade Encryption: Utilizes FIPS 140-2 validated modules and AES-256 encryption, securing any file type, from standard office documents to specialized formats like CAD files. 

• Access Files Through Their Native App: Any file can be encrypted but with FenixPyre, no matter what the file type, encrypted files are accessed from their native application making the experience seamless to users.  

• Milliseconds of Latency: Every file is encrypted with a distinct encryption key. Encryption and decryption are optimized at a kernel-level implementation, with no noticeable impact to the client. 

• Strong and Performant Key Management: Every file key is encrypted and stored in a high-performance database. File keys can only be decrypted in a Hardware Security Module, where the master key is hosted. Customers can manage their own HSM. File contents are zero-knowledge to anyone outside of the client’s access list, including the possible external data management or cloud hosting solution. 

• Seamless User Experience: Offers frictionless integration into user workflows, ensuring files remain secure without impacting productivity. 

• Patented Dynamic and Context-Aware Access Controls: Implements robust role-based and location-based access restrictions and revocation capability, effectively reducing risk by controlling who can access files and under what conditions. Files remain protected even when stolen. 

• Comprehensive Compatibility: Supports encryption across various environments, including network shares, cloud storage platforms (SharePoint, AWS S3, Azure), and local file systems. 

• Real-Time Monitoring and Analytics: Integrates seamlessly with SIEM tools to provide real-time logs, behavioral analytics, anomaly detection, and proactive threat response capabilities, further enhancing organizational security posture. 

• Revocation and Tracking: Administrators can revoke access, set expiration times, and track who tries to open any file. This creates a feedback loop of visibility and control, even post-delivery. 

• Secure Sharing: Share encrypted files outside your organization but never lose control and security.  

File-centric security doesn’t just reduce risk - it redefines control.

By encrypting sensitive files and enforcing access at the source, FenixPyre ensures your data stays protected even when someone is inside your network using valid credentials. Security is baked into the file itself, so data stays secure and in compliance no matter the person, place or device. 

Ready to secure what matters most?

View our resources below and see how file-centric security can transform your data protection strategy. 

• Connect with FenixPyre on LinkedIn  

• Read Blog: Disk Encryption or File Encryption: Why You Must Have Both to Keep Data Secure 

• Read Blog: File-Centric Security vs. DLP: What CISOs Need to Know

• Talk to an expert to see how file-centric security can work for your business 

In today’s connected world disk encryption may check a security box but it is ineffective at protecting against the most common ways data is stolen by insiders or external bad actors who are using valid credentials. Learn why file-centric security is an essential layer on top of disk encryption and TLS to truly protect sensitive data.

Ask a CISO, CIO, or IT professional if their company files are encrypted and ninety-nine percent will respond yes. Ask this same group if their files are encrypted so they are protected from theft by someone who is inside their network or device, and ninety-nine percent will say no.  

How can there be such a discrepancy even though everyone believes their files are encrypted? 

The ninety-nine percent that say their files are encrypted are referring to disk encryption and not file encryption. Disk encryption is the most rudimentary level of protection that almost one-hundred percent of organizations have. But it protects against the most basic level of intrusion and wasn’t made to combat the most common ways data is stolen, e.g. insider theft, network breach, or network breach of a third party or vendor.  

This article explores key distinctions between disk encryption and file-level encryption, and examines the critical need for file encryption to thwart ransomware attacks and data theft by insiders and external bad actors.

What is Disk Encryption?

Disk encryption is a security method that encodes data stored on a computer's hard drive or storage system, making it unreadable without the user and password (appropriate encryption key). Disk Encryption primarily protects data at rest when the device is shut down, ensuring that unauthorized individuals without the password cannot access the information even if they physically obtain the device or hard drive. When the user credentials are entered, the disk is decrypted and the files can be freely accessed and moved. Disk encryption does not even provide encryption at rest, when a user is logged in. Disk encryption protection is only as strong as the user credentials and vulnerable to weak passwords, phishing exploits, and credential-based attacks that bypass traditional access controls. 

Disk encryption is sufficient for protecting against device theft or loss, but becomes ineffective in situations where bad actors or insiders acting with negligence or bad intentions are already inside the network or device. Disk encryption is not designed to control the flow of information in and out of the organization. 

Marketing in the cloud sharing space can add additional confusion about file safety and encryption through claims of “added” security. For example, cloud service providers, like SharePoint and Dropbox, and document management systems, such as NetDocuments and iManage, often highlight their strong security measures, including claims of "double encryption." At first glance, "double encryption" sounds like robust protection, but in most instances, this just means disk encryption. In other words, the files themselves are not encrypted and still remain subject to theft should someone have valid credentials, which is the most common situation for most data theft.

Marketing in the cloud sharing space can add additional confusion about file safety and encryption through claims of “added” security.

What are the Gaps with Disk Encryption?

While disk encryption offers significant protection for data at rest under limited circumstances, it presents several challenges: 

• Limited Protection Against Active Threats: Once the system is booted and authenticated, data becomes accessible in decrypted form, making it vulnerable to insider threats, credential theft, or malware attacks.

• Single Point of Failure: If the encryption key or password is compromised, the entire disk and all data become accessible.

• Performance Issues: Encrypting and decrypting the entire disk can lead to performance degradation, affecting system responsiveness.

Disk encryption does not stop the most prevalent and damaging thefts of data that arise from insiders and bad actors who are inside your network.  

While disk encryption provides effective protection against device theft or loss, its protections stop when bad actors or insiders acting with bad intentions are able to access the network or the device. File-level encryption picks up where disk encryption leaves off, ensuring that each file remains protected, no matter where it’s stored, shared, or accessed.

What is File-Centric Security or File-Level Encryption?

File-Centric Security applies a specifically strong type of encryption and strong access policies at the individual file level. Unlike disk encryption and TLS encryption, file-centric security protects you from credential-based and man-in-the middle attacks as files stay encrypted no matter where they are moved and accessed.  

Too often people conflate disk encryption with file-level encryption believing that the two terms refer to providing the same level of security. In reality, disk encryption only secures data while it is stored as opposed to file-level encryption, which ensures data stays protected and compliant, no matter where it travels. Here's how it works.

How File-Centric Security Fills the Gaps

File-centric security builds a new level of security layer on top of disk encryption to give organizations power to prevent ransomware, mitigate insider threats, and manage third party risks.

What can you expect when you choose a File-Centric Security Platform?

• Continuous Protection Against Active Threats: Files remain encrypted at all times, even when actively accessed or moved. Any violation of policies or attempts to exfiltrate are prevented by strict encryption that persists irrespective of the data’s location or state. 

• Eliminating Single Point of Failure: Each file has its own encryption key and access policy. If one key is compromised, only the associated file becomes vulnerable, significantly reducing risk. 

• Granular Control: Dynamic, role-based, or location-based access controls and encryption is tailored to individual files, allowing organizations precise control over data usage, visibility, and movement. 

• Mitigating Insider Threats: Unlike disk encryption, file-level encryption maintains protection even when files are accessed internally, restricting unauthorized internal viewing or alterations based on stringent access controls. 

• Preventing Ransomware Attacks: By encrypting individual files, even if attackers gain system-level access or admin credentials, the data remains encrypted and unusable to the attackers. 

• Protection from Credential Theft: File-level encryption safeguards files independently from user credentials. Even if user credentials are stolen, attackers cannot decrypt and misuse sensitive data without appropriate keys and permissions. 

• No Dependency on Data Classification: File-centric security eliminates the dependency on data classification accuracy, as it encrypts all files individually, and protection policies are enforced through strict access controls rather than classification, ensuring consistent security without extensive administrative overhead or user friction. 

By addressing the core vulnerabilities that disk encryption leaves open, file-centric security delivers protection that’s persistent, adaptive, and effective regardless of where your files live or how they move. File-centric security platforms offer a smarter, more resilient way to secure your most valuable data.

FenixPyre’s File-Centric Security Platform

FenixPyre provides a comprehensive file-centric security solution, enhancing data security through advanced file encryption and dynamic access controls: 

• Military-Grade Encryption: Utilizes FIPS 140-2 validated AES-256 encryption, securing any file type, from standard office documents to specialized formats like CAD files. 

• Milliseconds of Latency: Every file is encrypted with a distinct encryption key. Encryption and decryption is optimized at a kernel-level implementation, with no noticeable impact to the client. 

• Strong and Performant Key Management: Every file key is encrypted and stored in a high-performance database. File keys can only be decrypted in a Hardware Security Module, where the master key is hosted. Customers can manage their own HSM. File contents are provably zero-knowledge to anyone outside of the client’s access list, including the possible external data management or cloud hosting solution. 

• Seamless User Experience: Offers frictionless integration into user workflows, ensuring files remain secure without impacting productivity. 

• Patented Dynamic and Context-Aware Access Controls: Implements robust role-based and location-based access restrictions and revocation capability, effectively reducing risk by controlling who can access files and under what conditions. Files remain protected even when stolen. 

• Comprehensive Compatibility: Supports encryption across various environments, including network shares, cloud storage platforms (SharePoint, AWS S3, Azure), and local file systems. 

• Real-Time Monitoring and Analytics: Integrates seamlessly with SIEM tools to provide real-time logs, behavioral analytics, anomaly detection, and proactive threat response capabilities, further enhancing organizational security posture.  

While disk encryption provides foundational security for anyone accessing data on a device, file-centric security solutions, like FenixPyre ,offer superior protection against modern threats, ensuring comprehensive, adaptive, and user-friendly data security. 

File-centric security doesn’t just reduce risk - it redefines control.  

By encrypting sensitive files and enforcing access at the source, FenixPyre ensures your data stays protected no matter where it goes or who tries to access it. Even when someone is inside your network with valid credentials.

Ready to secure what matters most?

View our resources below and see how file-centric security can transform your data protection strategy.  

• Connect with FenixPyre on LinkedIn

• View our industry blog for more strategic insights

• Talk to an expert to see how file-centric security can work for your business

With the advent of file-centric security solutions, the time has come to rethink the way we use traditional or modern Data Loss Prevention (DLP) solutions.

While most organizations have either purchased or are considering a Data Loss Prevention (DLP) solution to enhance the visibility of sensitive information and comply with regulations, the majority of CISOs, IT, and security professionals know that these solutions are not enough to prevent a data breach. In fact, only 10% of those purchasing a DLP solution move beyond using it for just monitoring.  

In this article we examine how file-centric security offers a more secure and frictionless experience over the short-term and long term.

The Challenges of DLP Solutions

The core challenge with traditional DLP solutions is the time, complexity and effort required to accurately classify data and design policies that don’t destroy productivity for both users and IT teams. Without first establishing proper classification, it's difficult to enforce effective security policies, which is one of the key reasons so few buyers of DLP ever get out of monitoring mode. During this arduous process, files remain vulnerable. 

Data Classification and Policy Challenges

• Perfect accuracy is unattainable: A classifier achieving 100% accuracy is practically impossible due to data complexity and variability. 

• Identifying sensitive data with high confidence: Verifying the accuracy of sensitive data detection (e.g., determining if a flagged SSN is genuinely an SSN) is challenging, increasing the risk of false positives. 

• User dependence: Heavy reliance on end-users for manual labeling increases risks - users frequently mislabel files or bypass labeling altogether. Automated labeling systems often fall short, too, leaving user-based labeling as the main alternative.

• Scale and complexity: Data volumes are immense, often dispersed across multiple environments, including, Network shares, Endpoints and Cloud storage (SharePoint, AWS S3, Azure Storage, GCP storage). With such large volumes, implementing effective classification could take months or even years. 

• Maintenance and continuous adjustments: Constant updates and maintenance are often required due to evolving file formats. This demands a dedicated team to monitor and fine-tune classification logic, creating ongoing administrative overhead. 

• File type limitations: DLP and classification tools typically struggle with specialized files, such as CAD files, where sensitive information may be stored but is hard to identify reliably.

• Risk of misconfiguration: Misconfigured classifiers can lead to incorrect alerts, false labeling and reduced trust in the classification system.

• Policy Complexity: Protection policies are built directly on classification results that are imperfect. Errors in classification propagate directly into policy enforcement, which results in high friction with users. This can create policy exceptions that dilute security protections.

  • Impossible coverage of all workflows: It is practically impossible to create policies that comprehensively address all user workflows, file types and storage solutions. As a result, users often encounter legitimate workflow situations that policies do not anticipate.

  • Overly restrictive policies cause disruption: Stringent policies designed to maximize security can inadvertently disrupt legitimate business workflows, causing frustration and productivity loss. Friction results in users demanding exceptions, forcing IT departments to manage complex exemption requests (e.g., a CEO needing urgent file-sharing privileges despite classification restrictions).

  • Properly Configured or Misconfigured policies cause administrative overhead: Poorly configured policies result in false alerts and user-generated tickets. This creates unnecessary administrative burden, reduces operational efficiency and hinders productivity.

For all the reasons stated above, using typical or even “modern” DLP solutions to tackle protecting your sensitive files is highly complex, costly and drains limited IT resources. Moreover, DLP solutions take a long time to implement, leaving your files unprotected. The alternative is to use a file-centric solution that puts security at the file level in place immediately while, if you choose, you can continue to identify and classify data.  

The Benefits of File-Centric Security 

File-Centric Security applies a specifically strong type of encryption and strong access policies at the individual file level. Unlike disk encryption and TLS encryption, file-centric security protects you from credential-based and man-in-the-middle attacks as files stay encrypted no matter where they are moved and accessed. 

Too often when people think about file encryption, they refer to disk encryption, but disk encryption is not the solution to stop the type of threats that arise from insiders and bad actors who are inside your network. 

• Classification Does Not Have to Be Perfect

  With File-Centric security you do not need classification of files because any file can easily be secured and engaged with.  

  • By securing the individual file, it remains protected and allows compliance and security controls to travel with the file at all times. 

  • Deciding what data to protect is based on devices, users, folders and departments. 

  • File-centric security can be set up so whether people are downloading files or working with certain applications – the files are automatically encrypted.  
    
    

• Policies are Not Reliant on Accurate Classification 

  File-Centric security policies are dependent on access controls, rather than classification. Since the files are encrypted at all times (even when shared externally), you can start off with the most permissive access controls, and slowly make it least permissive while still maintaining tight security. 
  
  

• Enhanced Security

  File-Centric security has multiple uses for mitigating multiple types of risks and threat vectors. This includes:

  • Insider Threat 

  • Ransomware 

  • Third-Party Risk Management 

  • Secure Sharing 

  
  

• Easier to Set up and Manage 

  Since File-Centric security does not depend on content inspection and classification, it is easier to setup and manage. 

  Most File-Centric security solutions require minimal change in user workflows so users can work with files without any friction. As soon as a user breaks the policies, they lose access in real time. 

  
  

• No User Dependency and Seamless User Experience

  With File-Centric security, you do not need to depend on your end-users to perform any special actions to protect the files. Protection is automatically enforced at the file level at all times. 

  
  

• File-Centric Security Supports any File Type

  Many File-Centric security solutions are able to encrypt typical office documents. Others are able to be agnostic to a wide range of file types.  

  Learn more about file-centric security and how it can protect your data.and how it can protect your data.

FenixPyre’s File-Centric Security Platform (FCS) 

FenixPyre’s FCS offers customers the most comprehensive and easy to deploy solution:

• Military-grade FIPS 140-2 validated AES-256 encryption modules - the best available. 

• Encrypts any file type and secures any application, from Microsoft Office to advanced CAD tools like Revit and SolidWorks. 

• Works seamlessly in all environments and storages, network shares, SharePoint, local files, etc. Users experience a seamless interaction with encrypted files with their native and cloud applications. 

• Applies dynamic, role-based or location-based access controls, restricting user’s access to sensitive files. Organizations can define precisely who accesses files, when and from where, significantly reducing exposure. 

• Securely share sensitive files for collaboration and compliance. Make uncontrolled data flow across diverse locations, including cloud sharing, a non-issue. FenixPyre ensures sensitive information remains protected based on factors such as user identity, location and device, and is tracked for every file with patented, context-aware encryption.

• Can be implemented on top of your existing permissions layer (NTFS or cloud) so that you don’t need to manage multiple permission systems. 

• Stream real-time audit logs into security information and event management (SIEM) tools, enabling behavioral analytics, anomaly detection and automated threat response to insider risks. 

  
  

File-centric security doesn’t just reduce risk—it redefines control. By encrypting sensitive files and enforcing access at the source, FenixPyre ensures your data stays protected no matter where it goes or who tries to access it. 

Ready to secure what matters most? 

View our resources below and see how file-centric security can transform your data protection strategy. 

• Connect with FenixPyre on LinkedIn

• View our industry blog for more strategic insights 

• Talk to an expert to see how file-centric security can work for your business